Lululemon

Lunch meeting is ready and very much situated to move to another level in the extravagance sports attire commercial center. While our difficulties in the course of the most recent year and a half have been Impacting, we have kept up gainfulness and have not lost critical piece of the overall industry. Accordingly, our initiative group directed ecological and authoritative sweeps in the course of the most recent 30 days. From these outputs, we have recognized some future key chances and difficulties that when tended to, will set us up to turn into the #1 sports extravagance clothing brand in the world.We will proceed with our advancement by Introducing new items lines; there is an extraordinary open door for us to venture Into a youngsters' line. Another open door for Luncheon Is to Investigate new direct techniques In broadening of deals incomes. Pair with these chances, we direly need to address a few dangers comprehensive of enhancing our gracefully chain and improving advertising to resound our basic beliefs and brand.Our ecological output incorporated a full scale patterns report, assessment of our industry/rivalry, and a thorough survey of our partners' needs and desires. Noteworthy full scale patterns important Include: supported prevalence of yoga qualification for the close to term, proceeded with development in online deals, and continued utilization of web-based social networking (with ladies speaking to an excessively enormous measure of clients connecting with our image). Because of the utilization of oil and cotton items, material and work costs for Luncheon can now and then be flighty dependent on vacillations in these product markets.Our Industry investigation Indicates that the games clothing brand Is a $106 billion dollar Industry with the two greatest players just claiming 14 later of the piece of the pie, [See Financial Analysis Slide]. We are the top positioned premium games attire association and the fifth most noteworthy positioning associ ation by and large. Our providers are more than providers; they are accomplices, [See Industry/Competitive Analysis Slide]. Our collective relationship with our providers causes us make probably the most imaginative items in the market.Supplier issues with materials and assembling have represented a progressing issue because of different made a drop In organization stock value, which In turn, has raised worries with dockworkers, [See partner Analysis slide]. These issues have made Luncheon face exceptional investigation in the market and media, which in the end brought about negative Public Relations related issues. The powerlessness for the Public Relations division to upset such episodes has affected the general item brand inside the market place.With that stated, the budgetary wellbeing of the organization Is acceptable. Net income for the monetary year 2013 Increased 16% to $1. 6 billion from $1. 4 billion In financial 2012. The organization finished with $698,649,000 money clos e by, enough to subsidize its working exercises. Our operational help uncovers Luncheon consumer loyalty stays high in spite of later and progressing producing issues, [See Stakeholder Analysis Slide]. We have a steadfast client base and have as of late moved the entirety of our stores from the establishment model to being ran inside to amplify on our culture.From this ecological output, we had the option to lead a far reaching and top to bottom Internal investigation to decide how decidedly ready we incorporated an operational wellbeing report, a monetary report, and an audit of our way of life. The current association is organized so that there is an open door for open vaccination all through the business, while wellbeing programs make high worker fulfillment. Since our initiation, our way of life has been tied in with making segments for individuals to live long, sound, and fun lives.This culture saturates through our workers, our in-store understanding, and obviously our client base. We have faith on the side of the networks in which we are a section by making different celebrations, withdraws and consistently concentrating on supportability. By and large, our interior report shows we are ready for development and have the devices to make the most of our chances while meeting our difficulties head on. Lunch meeting is the pioneer in extravagance sports attire. With the goal for us to remain the chief extravagance sports clothing supplier, we need to ensure we keep our center abilities aligned.Our center capabilities are characterized as follows: 1 . Creating imaginative extravagance structures, 2. Grass roots promoting, 3. Making a persuaded workforce, 4. Making one moment to none positive client experience. Our four proposals sketched out in the start of the update adjust consummately with these center skills, and our reports show we can make progress in every territory. Growing new product offerings, particularly concentrating on a line for the adolescen t, will guarantee we stay diversified.In building up these lines we can begin to expand our providers by finding different markets in which to accomplice. At present our profundity in providers is huge, be that as it may, the assorted variety is ostensible. Our providers are fundamentally gathered in one locale, Asia-Pacific, leaving us helpless to catastrophic events, fringe wars, and different issues that can influence creation, [See Stakeholder Analysis Slide]. Making extra channels of deals will work to improve our top notch client experience.Working with lavish lodgings and other conspicuous very good quality accomplices known for extraordinary client support will likewise help with our grass roots showcasing alongside expanding our positive advertising nearness. Likewise, by controlling our advertising and setting an expanded accentuation on it, we will have the option to all the more likely position our picture and brand for enduring reverberation in the commercial center. We are energized for Luncheon and anticipate joining forces with you on executing these four vital targets that will move our incredible association to another level.

Laugh, live, Smile.. today.. for who knows there may or may not be a tomorrow

Around somewhere in the range of eighteen years prior, a wonder occurred and a person was conceived, yes u got it right, that person was me. I was conceived in a town called Kanpur. Kanpur is my maternal spot. I have lived most the late spring excursions during my adolescence over yonder. Since my dad has a transferable employment, I got the opportunity to live in different urban areas, investigate diverse culture and make huge amounts of companions. I began my tutoring from a school called National Convent School, Mirzapur. I did my LKG and UKG over yonder. At that point I alongside my mother, moved to my Aunt’s place in Haridwar. She used to treat me like her own son.She was the person who perceived the shrouded ability of singing in me. She sent me for the proper preparing in vocal music to a music instructor whom I think about my master. I have consistently been a lethargic fellow, to beat my sluggishness, she at that point sent me to the Taekwondo meetings at night. She i s a woman of qualities and ideals. Control is in her blood. I have taken in a great deal from her. As she was a broad voyager, I got the chance to travel and investigate the sloping districts of Uttarakhand. After the two astonishing a very long time in Haridwar,I alongside my mother moved to Kanpur and we began living with my grandparents.I took confirmation in DPS Kanpur and my mom was an instructor in another school. Multi year passed and I got advanced in fifth norm. Presently here comes a fascinating period of my life. It was during the beginning of the new session,I still recollect the grouping. I was sitting ahead in the outrageous left line and afterward came a young lady whom I had never seen,she came inside the class and went towards my equal line and sat at the back seat. Presently she bacame the main pulverize of my life,officially! Her name was Samya. †When she was around,I could simply feel myself redden, the adrenaline in my blood was such a rush†!As time passed,our relationship changed from only companions into closest companions. Despite the fact that, I was the most infamous component of the class, my instructors despite everything used to adore me a great deal. My preferred instructor was Monica ma’am who was additionally our class-educator. I despite everything recall an episode when in class sixth,a mate asked our class educator that â€Å"When all the wicked components were disposed of ,at that point for what reason did u despite everything keep Tanay in the area? †Ma’am plainly replied†Because he is my most loved and I love him a great deal! † It were the mid year get-aways of class 6th when came a point that I needed to move to Agra where my Dad was at that point posted.I was frantic to move back with my Dad since it had been four long years I had been living ceaselessly from him. And yet leaving the school without meeting anybody out of the blue was a crippling second as well. I missed them quite a while and I am still in contact with them. In spite of the fact that my range of remain in Agra was short, however I have made some great memories there. With my Dad’s move came the most astonishing city of my life. This time it was Banaras!! Banaras is where I abandoned a kid to a young person to very nearly an adult!My significant childhood happened to be in Varanasi. My mother got me admitted to DPS Varanasi which was the seventh lastly the last school of my life. I burned through five most stunning a very long time in my last school. With regards to scholastics, I have consistently been an unremarkable, despite the fact that I achieved full stamps in Maths, once in class Eighth, second time in class Tenth. My rundown of companions is very long to portray. During this six years of my stay in Kashi,it has given me a lot,one of them is Ashu whom I regularly allude as Mota-Bhai who isn't only a companion yet a sibling in literal.I for the most part don’t call e ach second companion of mine as bro,but when I do,mind it,I would not joke about this!! It was the pre-sports day 2008. After I got chose for the long jump,I saw a pretty young lady who was at that point gazing at me. The second I saw her,I was simply flabbergasted. Later on I came to think about her effectively by means of various sources as I was very social among the seniors. So yes,my first love was multi year higher ranking than me. The rest some portion of story is past. All I know is that feeling never came ever I despite everything regard her as I did once. One generally recollects his first love. Its an amazing feeling.When she was gone,I was heart broken. This occurrence has instructed me that life goes on,no matter who comes,who goes. We make life harder than it to be. The challenges began when†¦ discussions became messaging, sentiments got subconscious, the word ‘love’ dropped outside of any relevant connection to the issue at hand, trust blurred as gen uineness melted away, instabilities turned into a method of living, desirously turned into a propensity, being harmed begun to feel characteristic, and fleeing from everything turned into our answer. Quit running! Face these issues, fix the issues, impart, acknowledge, pardon and LOVE the individuals throughout your life who merit it.The best piece of my life began subsequent to going into Symbiosis. I generally needed a sister,I requested one and Symbi skilled me two genuine sisters from non-natural moms! One is Honey,my besty who is an imprudent insane oddity and a hard core partier like me,a complete imitation of my character yet has a sensitive heart. Ridzi,d other one,d sweet one is a finished complexity of me and Honey. She treats me like her more youthful sibling. We frequently move on ‘‘shinchan shinchan† together,Ridzi being into the character of Himavari. We don't recall days, we recollect moments.Too regularly we attempt to achieve something significant without understanding that the best piece of life is comprised of the seemingly insignificant details. My path is to live genuinely and appreciate each valuable snapshot of my excursion and live to its fullest center. I wanna fly high and live while I am youthful. I accept that in the event that I will look for peace,happiness will naturally follow my direction. Since when you at long last show up at your ideal goal, u don’t recall the destination,you recollect the excursion. So for now I ll laugh,I ll live and I ll grin for who knows there might possibly be a tomorrow.

Cellphones and Digital Networks

They offer a lot of accommodation, and can be monetarily for the bustling businessperson in a hurry. Progressions in mobile phones are continually being made, giving a more clear stable and lighter feel, just as a more drawn out life. The mobile phone industry has been one of the quickest developing on the planet. The gadgets are genuinely straightforward, yet they are little to such an extent that they are really and building wonder. This paper will examine top to bottom the a wide range of segments of the normal wireless, and discussion about how it changes over your voice into something that can be sent through a computerized organize. The paper will likewise take a gander at how the inward operations take into account a telephone to go about as a microcomputer, with Internet get to, address books, and even games. At last, it will survey the many energizing thoughts for this developing business sector and look to the eventual fate of the business, and how the business anticipates conquering different constraining components. Alexander Graham Bell developed the phone in 1876, after 18 years Guglielmo Marconi made the main radio. It was just common that these two incredible innovations would in the long run be consolidated to make the cell rage. In the 80’s hardly any individuals utilized radiophones, these telephones were the forerunner to cell, yet they had a few constraining elements keeping them from each turning into a significant piece of regular society. In the radio phone framework, there was one focal recieving wire tower per significant city, and close to 25 channels accessible on that tower. Each telephone required a ground-breaking transmitter, sufficiently large to transmit 40 or 50 miles. It likewise implied that very few individuals could utilize radiotelephones because of the absence of stations. With the current cell framework any none nearby cell can utilize a similar recurrence, so the measure of telephones that can be utilized are almost boundless. These cells additionally imply that each telephone needn't bother with a solid transmitter, so the telephone can be much littler. With the development of advanced telephones, numerous extraordinary highlights are currently accessible, for example, guest id, Internet get to, and a few other new highlights. It likewise implied that the telephone would require a microchip to change over from simple to computerized, this muddled the hardware, however left it with new innovation accessible the business had the option to make the telephone as little as could be expected under the circumstances. The main limitation in size turned into the client input gadgets, and the screen size. Value of the Digital Cell Phone The computerized phone offers numerous points of interest to today†s society. The accommodations that it offers over basically not having one are evident and they fluctuate from individual to individual. In any case, there are numerous focal points over different sorts of telephones also. The PDA not just permits individuals to speak with others while they are in a hurry, however it likewise offers numerous different highlights to help individuals. With the administrations that advanced gives, individuals can get to email and discover data anyplace on the planet for a sensible expense. Later on, as the mix of telephones and PCs develop, individuals will have the option to get to instructional exercises in the field, and use them to speak with experts sparing a lot of time for some specialists. Today advanced mobile phones, for example, the one appeared in Appendix C figure 1, can process a large number of estimations every second so as to pack and decompress the voice stream. So as to do this each telephone is outfitted with a circuit board that contains a wide range of chips. The circuit leading group of a typical telephone is appeared in Appendix C figure 2. Two chips portrayed before are the Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog change chips that decipher the active sound sign from simple to computerized and the approaching sign from advanced back to simple. There is additionally a Digital Signal Processor that is exceptionally altered processor intended to perform signal control estimations at rapid. The chip controls the console and show and manages order and control motioning with the base station, it likewise facilitates the remainder of the capacities on the board. This microchip is as ground-breaking as the super PC of the 70’s that occupied entire spaces, yet is presently the size of a finger. By utilizing its number juggling/rationale unit or ALU it can play out all numerical activity that run a considerable lot of today includes in telephones. It is likewise answerable for the exchange of information all through the telephone. It will likewise settle on choices and afterward run another arrangement of directions. In Appendix C figure 3 a straightforward chip is appeared. PDAs use microchips that are considerably more unpredictable, however the utilization a similar thought. The ROM and blaze memory chips give stockpiling to the phone’s working framework and adaptable highlights, for example, the index and different basic games. (Informative supplement C figure 4) The RF and force area handles power the board and energizing, and furthermore manages the several FM channels. At last, the Radio Frequency intensifiers handle flags all through the recieving wire. The Radio Frequency intensifier is a similar gadget as you would discover in your car’s radio. The showcase has developed impressively in size as the quantity of highlights offered by phones has expanded. Most telephones as of now accessible offer inherent telephone registries, number crunchers and even games. It some new items that will be talked about later, mobile phone counter as PDA’s offering enormous screen and offer the entirety of the advantage you would discover in today’s hand held PCs. The presentation is a fluid precious stone showcase (LCD). It is made of thousands of modest gems with two potential hues. They have as of late reported that they will offer shading screens on some new telephones that work like the presentation of a PC. Small speakers and receivers, about the size of a dime, enhance the simple waves. These gadgets are much the same as that of a convenient radio and the amplifiers utilized on TV television shows. They are both wired to the chip. All together for advanced PDAs to exploit the additional limit and more clear quality, they should change over your voice into parallel data. This implies it must separate it to 1’s and 0’s. The explanation this is so invaluable is that not normal for simple, advanced is either on or off, 1 or 0, rather than swaying between the two. For the change, the gadget should initially record a simple wave, for example, the one in Appendix B figure 1. To make the most elevated loyalty conceivable, it records number to speak to the wave, rather than the wave itself as spoke to in Appendix B figure 2. The phones simple to-computerized converter, a gadget that is additionally found in a CD player, does this procedure. On the opposite end a different advanced to-simple converter is utilized for playback. The nature of move relies upon the examining rate, that controls what number of tests are taken every second, and the inspecting accuracy. The exactness controls what number of various levels are conceivable in the example. The better these two are the more clear the sound, yet it takes a higher speed processor and requires a more noteworthy measure of information move. In Appendix B the advantages are appeared in figure 3. Most normal advanced cell frameworks use Frequency Shift Keying to send information to and fro. This framework utilizes one recurrence for 1’s and another for 0’s and quickly exchanging between the two. This requires ideal balance and encoding plans for recording, compacting, sending, and afterward deciphering without loss of value. In view of this computerized telephones contain an astonishing measure of handling power. The phone arrange is web of towers covering regions, for the most part thought of as hexagonal cells as appeared in APPENDIX A Figure 1. The virtuoso of the cell framework is on the grounds that mobile phones and base stations utilize low-power transmitters, so similar frequencies can be reused in non-contiguous cells. Every cell is around 10 square miles and has a base station that comprises of a pinnacle and a little structure containing the radio gear. As more individuals join the cell world, organizations are rapidly adding more towers to suit them. Each computerized bearer is relegated various frequencies, a normal transporter may get around 2400 frequencies for each city, and this number is around multiple times the sum as simple. The explanation that more channels are accessible is on the grounds that computerized information can be compacted and controlled a lot simpler than simple. Each tower utilizes one seventh of the accessible frequencies, so none of the encompassing 6 towers meddle. The PDA utilizes two frequencies for each call, called a duplex channel. The duplex channel permits one channel to be utilized for tuning in and the other for talking, so not at all like a CB or walkie-talkie, the two individuals can talk simultaneously. This framework as of now considers around 168 individuals to talk in every cell, for every framework. The cell approach requires countless base stations in a city of any size, but since such a large number of individuals are utilizing mobile phones, costs stay low per client. Each wireless has an uncommon code related with it, called an electronic sequential number (ESN). It is a novel 32-piece number customized into the telephone when it is made. At the point when the telephone is actuated another five digit code called a framework recognizable proof code (SID), a novel 5 digit number that is doled out to every transporter by the FCC, is engraved in the telephones memory. At the point when you first catalyst a phone, it checks a control channel to discover the SID. On the off chance that the telephone can't discover any control stations to hear it out, realizes it is out of range, and shows a no administration message. In the wake of finding the SID, the telephones verify whether it coordinates the SID modified in the telephone, and in the event that it doesn't coordinate it realizes that the telephone is wandering. The focal area that the mobile phone is enlisted to monitors the phone that your telephone is in, with the goal that it can discover you when somebody calls the telephone. At the point when the telephone is turned on it sends its ESN to the control station. On the off chance that the telephone leaves run, it will

Essay on Honesty and Couragiousness in The Seed - 656 Words

There are very few honest and courageous people in the world. Honesty is the fairness and uprightness of a person when dealing with truthfulness. Someone who is courageous is someone who is brave and characterized by having a lot of courage. One who has the courage to be honest is someone who can achieve the highest glory and praise from those who surrounds them. In â€Å"The Seed,† there is a young man who shows the people in his community how just being honest made him receive the highest amount of authority. During the â€Å"The Seed,† the young boy was called along with all the rest of the boys in his kingdom, to meet with the emperor. The emperor made an announcement that he will be stepping down and finding someone else to take his place. For†¦show more content†¦When that same student gets into their field they may think that sometimes taking the short cut is the easiest way out, but that’s not always the case. Taking the easiest way out will show up in your work some point in your life; just like cheating on an exam will show up eventually during the school year in the rest of your work. For an example, a social worker cannot be a dedicated social worker if they are not honest with themselves about why they want to be a social worker. Some occupations, like social work, have people who take the easiest routes out of a situation because they do not really want to be in the field. They may have only chose it because they felt it would be the easiest occupation without researching within themselves and comparing it to how they really can handle certain situations that social workers have to deal with. One has to have the courage to be honest within oneself before you can be honest with someone else. One has to trust oneself before anyone else can trust them. One has to be courageous before they can influence others to be courageous. As a social worker there may be many different situations that can have one in a particular pla ce where they feel they should help another, but by doing so they will be breaking some of the rules of social work. Rules, meaning codes of ethics are principles by which are based on social work’s core values of service,

Ironing as a Window Essay Example For Students

Ironing as a Window Essay 1. The story is addressed to one of several well-meaning persons (a teacher?) who nudge the mother with implied criticism (she doesnt take enough time; she doesnt smile enough at Emily). But the larger implied you is people in general, including us as readers, whose disapproving, uncomprehending looks make her try to explain, to justify herself, to come to terms with the past. 2. By the age of eighteen the narrator had married, had a child, been deserted by the father, and forced into a succession of menial jobs forcing her to thwart the childs need for security and affection. There is the sour smell of poverty. There is a strong sense of being trapped, of being helpless while bitterly aware that the economic plight of the parent is stunting the childs development. A sense of guilt (remembering the clogged weeping of a child abandoned during the day by her working mother) struggles with the sense of having done the best under the circumstances. 3. Ironically, the well-meaning teacher and old man are of no real help, any more than the irresponsible absconding father. 4. The mother is bitter toward institutions that are insensitive to the real needs of those they serve. The mother calls nursery schools parking places for children where they suffer the fatigue of the long day, and the laceration of group life. Children who are victimized by other children are ridiculed by the teachers. The convalescent home is superficially in good order, with well-tended grounds, children wearing bright bows, and sleek young women from the society pages holding festive fund-raisers. However, the reality behind the facade is that of a prison: Rules are rigidly enforced. Children see their parents from a high balcony; they are allowed no personal belongings (not even letters); the poor food makes them lose weight. Emily changes radically there: I used to try to hold and love her after she came back, but her body would stay stiff, and after a while shed push away.Food sickened her, and I think much of life too. The schools Emily attends later reward the glib and quic k, and since Emily is neither, the overworked and exasperated teachers label (and neglect) her as a slow learner.5. Emily was thin and dark and foreign-looking when every little girl was supposed to look or thought she should look like Shirley Temple. She grows up with deep-seated fears and with an inability to make friends. She has been branded a slow learner and tries to escape the trauma of school by feigning illness. She bears a corroding resentment toward her sister Susan who is everything in appearance and manner Emily is not. Her gifts show when on the stage she experiences for a time the recognition and approval she has long been denied. The mother recognizes and blames herself for her natural preference for the more attractive, more outgoing younger child. 6. The resentment against harsh, unfeeling, repressive institutions and the feeling of bitterness at being forced to seem lacking in love give the story a strong emotional force. 7. The attitude is one of acceptance of lowered expectations rather than of militancy and rebellion. The child has been denied her full potential (like many others); the mothers hope is that Emily will make the best of what she has. The attitude of resignation is one that the story has led up to with many minor and major defeats and disappointments. 8. This story is an example of tightly defined limited point of view. During most of the story, we seem to be limited to the mothers perceptions and explanations. For example, the representatives of the institutions never have a chance to present their side of the story or to defend themselves against the mothers charges. Bibliography:

Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay Essay Example

Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay Paper In the human services field. personal ethical belief systems combined with professional moralss work in partnership to steer human service professionals in unknoting ethical quandary. An increasing figure of professionals and clients seek out to specify the cardinal policies of the human services field. Humans develop an integrating of values. criterions. and beliefs from birth throughout life. The values. criterions. and beliefs developed through life aid in qualifying personal ethical belief systems. Our personal ethical belief system unites with our professional moralss to determine the ethical decision-making procedure. A codification of moralss is indispensable to organisations in the human services field. A codification of moralss identifies adequate behaviour. endorses high criterions of pattern. supplies a criterion to utilize for self appraisal. and establishes a construction for professional behaviours and duties. Human service professionals promote the unity and moralss of the profession. As a consequence. it is important for a human service professional to remain educated and knowing of the theoretical footing of their ethical belief system. other theoretical moralss. ethical and legal issues. and the ethical rules of their organisation. Every individual possesses a nucleus system of values. My personal ethical belief system is derived from my nucleus system of values. the people who helped determine those values. and the decision-making factors I use today to better them as necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer My parents. pedagogues. Sunday school teachers. sermonizers. decision makers. God. leaders. and many others in the community aid determine my values and supply the footing for my ethical belief system. I articulate values in my associations with other people when I am loyal. dependable. honest. generous. swearing. trustworthy. experience a sense of answerability for my household. friends. coworkers. community. state. and the organisation where I volunteer. My parents taught me to be a Christian individual and to make what is morally right in the eyes of God. I met troubled times throughout my life. but I believe because of my strong morally sound background I could take those experiences and learn from them. My parents remain astonishing function theoretical accounts in my life. I attend church and congratulations God every hebdomad as a reminder of why I keep my moral values and belief system close and beloved to me. I choose to go on my instruction on many facets in my life to help in regulating decision-making factors. As a proud citizen of America. I realize the disagreement associating to Torahs and moralss. A jurisprudence is a edict or authorities regulation prepared to penalize those whom disobey. Torahs are consistent. universal. published. accepted. and enforced. Ethical motives is a sense of what is right and incorrect morally. However. there is a difference between moralss and morality. Harmonizing to Anstead. S. M. ( 1999 ) . â€Å"Morality refers both to the criterions of behaviour by which persons are judged. and to the criterions of behaviour by which people in general are judged in their relationships with others. Ethical motives. on the other manus. encompasses the system of beliefs that supports a peculiar position of morality. † The jurisprudence frequently integrates ethical criterions to which society subscribes. Most ethical determinations come with extended punishments. legion options. varied consequences. unsure and personal effects. My belief system is derived from my assurance that there is more to reality than what we see. I have faith in a religious side of world beyond what we can see or see. The footing of my ethical belief system comes from my values and those whom attributed to those values including my life as a truster in God and as a Christian. My metaphysiological position of theism supports my positions of ethical tyranny. I found this quotation mark interesting and supportive of my ethical belief system. Harmonizing to Worldview Dictionary ( 2011 ) . â€Å"Ethical tyranny is the belief that right and incorrect are unchanging. non determined by the person or the civilization ; revealed by God through both general and specific disclosure. † Ethical tyranny follows one cosmopolitan moral criterion. God is infinite. everlasting. and never-changing. God set the Torahs of the land therefore I must stay by what is determined by God as right and incorrect. God has revealed this truth through his creative activity and disclosure. God is absolute. God created all people as peers. As a truster in God. I serve him through service to others and my community. I take on duties of assisting others in my community. volunteering. and donating goods. At all times I abide by these rules: worship merely God. regard people. be low. be honest. populate a moral life. be generous with clip. pattern my positions. make non knock. justice. or condemn. make non keep a score. and forgive others. I believe it is right to defy enticement while cognizing that evil lurks around. I believe one-day God will return and seek judgement for his people. To populate morally and ethically divine is obligatory to hold ageless life. As a individual and professional. I understand and acknowledge that non all human existences embrace the same positions as me and I respect the positions of others. In the human service profession. my personal ethical belief system helps steer the work I do as a voluntary at Wise Choices Pregnancy Resource Center ( WCPRC ) . At WCPRC the mission is to assist adult females do life confirming picks. The services offered are free gestation proving. free limited echogram. acceptance referrals. abortion instruction. abortion recovery plans. and earn while you learn plan for babe demands. I chose this organisation specifically because it supports my beliefs on pro-life. Pro-life supports my beliefs as a Christian. I advocate supplying adult females with instruction and options to abortion. Harmonizing to Wise Choices Pregnancy Resource Center ( 2012 ) . â€Å"Through the old ages. Wise Choices. has been able to supply assorted sorts of aid and â€Å"counseling† to the adult females of Wise County and the environing countries. We non merely assist the client. but household or friends of the client. in respects to the state of affairs the client is confronting. We believe we can do a difference in the lives of adult females. one at a clip! As a Christian adult female. I think that it is of import to assist clients who are abortion minded or abortion vulnerable see the chances they have to salvage the life they have created. As an advocator. I ask the client if she would wish the chance to hear the Gospel. If she accepts I can portion the love God has for his kids including the client and her unborn kid. I besides have the singular opportunity to inquire the client if she wants to accept Jesus as her Jesus from wickednesss. I explain to my clients willing to accept and hear the Gospel that they may inquire God to forgive them for their wickednesss. It is besides an juncture to speak to my clients about abstention until matrimony. Each of the values listed above ushers me to be an advocator for the unborn kid who is defenseless in his or her right to life. Often I am met with challenges. such as a adult female who is pregnant from colza or incest. It is frequently difficult to explicate to a adult female with traumatic experiences that it is still of import to give birth to their kid even in palliating fortunes. Some of the hardest instances come from a adult female who is abortion minded or vulnerable and has no involvement in hearing the Gospel. I go place and pray for the client. her household. and the unborn kid. As a member of the National Organization for Human Services ( NOHS ) . the Code of Ethics is an of import counsel tool in ethical quandary. The Code of Ethics is a fit criterion of behavior for human service professionals to see in the ethical decision-making procedure. Harmonizing to the National Organization for Human Services ( 2009 ) . â€Å"Human service professionals respect the unity and public assistance of the client at all times. Each client is treated with regard. credence and self-respect. Statement two is an ethical rule non hard to adhere. As a human service professional the unity and public assistance of the client is my responsibility to recommend. I make a committedness to my client when I become his or her advocator. and that committedness involves seeking the best result for the public assistance of my client. As a Christian I see wholly people as equal. and I treat others with regard and self- respect at all times. It is of import to retrieve that it could be me in the same state of affairs. The NOHS Code of Ethics lists ethical rules that will non be difficult to adhere. However. I found a 1 that might turn out to be somewhat hard. Harmonizing to the National Organization for Human Services ( 2009 ) . â€Å"Human service pedagogues uphold the rule of broad instruction and encompass the kernel of academic freedom. abstaining from bring downing their ain personal views/morals on pupils. and leting pupils the freedom to show their positions without punishment. animadversion or ridicule. and to prosecute in critical thought. † The part of this statement that might be hard adhering to is bring downing my ain personal values if I were a human service pedagogue. I know that I could forbear from bring downing my ain personal values. but I find it would be hard. As a Christian. I think it is of import to portion the Gospel and what it means to me. For illustration in an moralss category pupils reflect upon their ethical belief systems and where they originated from. I think if I were the pedagogue it would be difficult to forbear myself from talking my ain worldviews and ethical motives to other pupils. However. as a professional it is of import to follow the ethical criterions set for the organisation in which I am an employee. and the NOHS Code of Ethics. A Code of Ethics is steering rules that apply to different facets of life. Ethical criterions pertain excessively many of the undermentioned general subjects: the usage of psychological trials in the courtroom. the lie sensor. boundaries of competency. unity. sexual torment. human differences. and the legal definition of insanity. * The Use of Psychological Trials in the Courtroom- The usage of psychological trials in the courtroom to back up the testimony of experts scopes from applaudable to debatable. There is a necessity for a sensible pattern of revelation of psychological trial information during tests and courtroom processs. afterwards the stuff may be sealed. Psychological trials in the courtroom should adhere to ethical criterions by stating the truth and non stating truth deliberately inaccurate. In Statement 28 of the NOHS Code of Ethics. human service professional’s duty to the profession is to move with unity and honestness. My ethical belief system incorporates honesty and unity at all times. The Lie Detector – After researching ethical criterions of the prevarication sensor. I found a Code of Ethical motives from the American Polygraph Association. The ethical criterions stated included: rights of testees. criterions for rendering polygraph determinations. post-examination presentment consequences. limitations on rendering sentiments. limitations on scrutinies. fees. criterions of coverage. advertizements. release of nonrelevant information. limitations on scrutiny issues. and APA oversight authorization. Lie sensors set up the difference between a prevarication and the truth ; if a individual has nil to conceal a lie sensor should be no job. Lie sensor usage brought justness to households over the old ages. and continues to make so with regard to the rights of all individuals who take the prevarication sensor trial. As portion of my personal moralss it is indispensable in the justness system. In Statement 35 of the NOHS Code of Ethics. answerability is maintained by the human service professional. * Boundaries of Competence – Human service professionals are merely to carry on research. Teach. and supply services merely within their boundaries of competency. based on personal experience. instruction. supervised experience. and survey. Reasonable stairss should be taken to guarantee competency in countries emerging and preparation does non yet exist. My personal moralss system is of import to pattern my positions. This relates to boundaries of competency I would non pattern something I did non believe to be true. In Statement 40 of the NOHS Code of Ethics human service pedagogues demonstrate high criterions of scholarships and remain current with developments in human services. * Integrity – Accuracy. honestness. and truthfulness is a function all human service professionals abide by. Integrity is something I incorporate in my personal ethical beliefs and value system. Ethically it is incorrect to steal. darnel. prevarication. fraud. or belie a client or a friend. Harmonizing to American Psychological Association ( 2012 ) . â€Å"In state of affairss in which misrepresentation may be ethically justifiable to maximise benefits and minimise injury. psychologists have a serious duty to see the demand for. the possible effects of. and their duty to rectify any resulting misgiving or other harmful effects that arise from the usage of such techniques. My belief in God’s written words of the Bible helps determine my ethical position on unity. Statement five of NOHS Code of Ethics protects the unity of client records. * Sexual Harassment – Sexual torment is solicitation. verbal or gestural sexual behaviour. and sexual progresss. All people have a right to gain a life free from relentless and permeant Acts of the Apostless of sexual torment. It is non right to endanger an employee’s dignity. regard. and possible promotion in the workplace. As a professional. behavior should compare to higher criterions of unity and safety in the workplace. Statement 24 of NOHS Code of Ethics provinces that human service professionals should describe unethical behaviour of co-workers. My personal ethical beliefs in this state of affairs associate back to my Christianity and the Torahs of the land that an act of sexual torment is non moving suitably in the eyes of God. * Human Differences – Human service professionals create public trust through ethical and moral Acts of the Apostless. Human diverseness is one of those Acts of the Apostless. It is imperative to be culturally sensitive to all persons at all times. I promise to function all people with the purpose to protect their public assistance without judgement of any sort. In my ethical beliefs God is the justice. and he will return to make that one twenty-four hours. Statement two of the Code of Ethics for NOHS says human service professionals treat clients with regard and esteem their public assistance. and Statement 20 refers to diverse backgrounds. * The Legal Definition of Insanity – In my ethical belief system a individual who commits an act out of insanity is still responsible for what he or she has done. It is one’s responsibility to make what is morally right. Questions of right and incorrect are overriding. and hence as I believe absolute. Statement 37 of the NOHS Code of Ethics addresses the demand for womb-to-tomb acquisition. and I relate that to this instance as a duty the human service professional has to its client. as the individual who commits a offense out of insanity has a duty to pay the effects. As a member of Team C throughout this class associating to moralss and jurisprudence in the human services profession we did a squad presentation on deontology theory. as presented earlier in the paper. Harmonizing to Alexander and Moore ( 2008 ) . â€Å"The word deontology derives from the Grecian words for responsibility ( deon ) and scientific discipline ( or survey ) of ( Son ) . This normative theory dressed ores on what she should make from a moral point of view. Deontology is a theory that helps to steer and entree our picks in what we ought to make. † Deontology theory assumes at least three of import characteristics. The first characteristic concludes that responsibility should be done for duty’s interest. An illustration. Acts of the Apostless of promise breakage. lying. or slaying are incorrect per se. and it is the responsibility of worlds non to make these things. Second. worlds ought to be treated as topics of intrinsic moral value ; intending an terminals in themselves and neer as a mere means to another terminal. The 3rd characteristic is a moral rule is a definite indispensable that is universalizable ; intending it must be applicable for everyone whom is in the same moral state of affairs. The theoretical footing of my personal ethical belief system falls under the deontology theory. Deontological theory claims the moral rightness or inappropriateness of an action does non depend upon the nature of its effects. but on its intrinsic qualities. Deontology theory was founded by Immanuel Kant. Kant was motivated by the deficiency of a function for responsibility in Utilitarianism. something he believed to be the foundation of all morality. Deontology supports moral tyranny. Actions are either moral or immoral regardless of the beliefs of an person. society. or civilization. Ethical motives of the existence are intrinsic in the Torahs of the existence and the nature of humanity. Therefore. the theoretical footing of my personal belief system as a Christian is supported by deontology theory. My belief in God supports ethical tyranny. deontology. and my personal ethical belief system.

The Discovery and the Consequential Conquest of America

The Discovery and the Consequential Conquest of America Introduction The colonization of American was one of the key events that took place in America during the 1600. During this time, Britain was much preoccupied with advancing its economic imperialism. The process of colonization of America began with the exploration activities conducted by the European explorers. The Red Indians were among the Native Americans. The arrival of the British colonists in America led to the oppression and exploitation of the native Indian communities.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Discovery and the Consequential Conquest of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The British interfered with the indigenous American civilization, subjected them to forced labor and stringent economic policies. Apart from Britain, other European powers such as Sweden and France also attempted to obtain colonies in America. This paper argues that the colonial elite gained control over natives, indenture s, African Americans, and poor free whites through a combination of decrees and force. Colonization of America During the British rule in the American colonies, many changes occurred, and they were not in favor of the Americans’ interests. The American society became increasingly stratified under the British rule. This led to the development of inequalities, which really affected many inhabitants of the American colony. Slavery, which had begun during the ancient period, became worse. Slavery was instituted in the Trans Atlantic region earlier than in England. The British Empire adopted slavery in the 17th century, when it occupied America. The ancient slavery was different from the one that was later adopted after European occupation of America. The latter version of slavery was based on racism than the former. For instance, black slaves were introduced in America due to insufficient laborers in the plantations. In the second phase of the 17th century, Britain used its terri tories as potential markets. The English also derived some raw materials from the territories that were under their control. The British slave trade was intensified in the 18th century and it coincided with mercantilism, which was prevalent in many parts of Europe. Vast commercial interests motivated European powers to extend their territories through colonization. Mercantilism policies became significant in most of the territories that were occupied by Britain. It was conducted through a partnership between merchants that operated in England and the government. British mercantilism was driven by the need to gain big trade surpluses, in order to accumulate gold and silver. Consequently, mercantilism greatly influenced the Americans commercial activities in the sense that they lost their economic independence considerably due to slavery. This later sparked off the rebellion of these territories. Many merchants engaged in selling slaves because it had lucrative returns.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Slave Labor In America, plantation farming was particularly boosted by slaves. For example, In Virginia and Carolina, slave trade introduced new prospects for commercial development since industrial products were substituted with slaves. In this case, Virginians offered their merchandise to the Westo Indians who supplied them with captives. The Westo realized that selling war captives was more lucrative than hunting. Thus, they devoted much of their time and resources to enslaving captives of war from vulnerable communities such as the Amerindians. The initial English colonizers mainly originated from Barbados. Their major reason for migrating to Carolina was the need to exploit the fertile land and slave labor. In Britain, the British government arranged to get rid of destitute children by exporting them to Virginia in order provide the much-needed labor in the tobacco farms. The English laborers were termed indentured servants. Since the indentured servants did not provide adequate labor in the plantations in Virginia, the British authorities devised new mechanisms for getting extra labor. â€Å"Copying the Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch colonies, the English enslaved Africans on the plantations both in the West Indies and on the North American mainland† (Gallay 46). Keeping of slaves was not a unique venture since many societies also instituted slavery in their commercial and agricultural activities. â€Å"The English rationale for enslavement lay in the belief that captives taken in a just war could be offered enslavement as an alternative to death† (Gallay 46). In the 17th century, the English developed another reason for practicing slavery by declaring that the descendants of slaves were to inherit the status of their parents so that slavery could thrive in future. In America, Interstate slave trade had a positive i mpact on the economy of the seaboard states that had remained poor for long. Many slaves were transferred to the Deep South especially in Virginia where agricultural production was thriving. As the demand for cotton and tobacco increased, many plantation owners acquired more slaves to expand their production activities. Top on the planters program was the spirited scramble for laborers. â€Å"Planters or their agents were stealing servants from under each other’s noses even before they reached the colony; in England, servants who had just indentured for America were being ‘enticed’ to break the contract and indenture for the colony on better terms with somebody else† (Jordan, Walsh and Kirkland 93).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Discovery and the Consequential Conquest of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some indentures were encouraged to flee on arrival and align with new m asters. â€Å"The burgesses decided ‘most severely to punish the seducers and the seduced’ but in the event targeted the servants alone, and they were to be made to serve the full terms contracted with both masters, one after another† (Jordan, Walsh and Kirkland 93-94). In Chesapeake, the frontier circumstances made it possible for labor to generate more profits and wealth at a phenomenal rate for a preindustrial Britain. â€Å"The planters prospered by farming building: by clearing and cultivating new fields and by constructing new fences and buildings† (Taylor 145). The planters fulfilled their material interests at a heavy price. â€Å"The Indians unwillingly paid the highest price by losing their lives and domain to provide the lands essential to farm building† (Taylor 145). In Europe, â€Å"many viewed the enslavement of Native Americans somewhat differently from the enslavement of Africans, though both were subject to racial prejudice by Engl ish who regarded both of them as slaves† (Gallay 47-58). Apart from Georgia, other English colonies enacted various codes that legitimized and supported the exploitation of slave labor. Slaves were handled ruthlessly and their status was not different from that of commodities. In the plantations, â€Å"slaves that tried to dodge their masters were either punished or brutally murdered; hence, they avoided unnecessary resistance† (Shifflette). For example, â€Å"the Virginia March 1660/1-ACT XXII stipulated that if an indentured servant ran away with a black person who was considered a servant for life, the white servant had to serve additional time to compensate a master† (Shifflette). Still in Virginia, the colonial administrators passed a statute that authorized slave masters to administer corporal punishment to their errant slaves since they were serving on permanent. This implies that slaves were handled quite differently from indentured servants. This law dem onstrates that slaves in Virginia did not have any kind of legal protection. â€Å"It was also among the numerous decrees passed towards the end of the seventeenth century that reduced the personal rights of black men† (Shifflette). The manner in which slave masters handled their subjects was not consistent. Living conditions of slaves were influenced by places where they worked. For example, slaves that operated in the farms were overworked. Slaves did not have the chance to have families because this could distract their attention, and they were not allowed to hold religious meetings because this could make them conspire to escape. Apart from Virginia slave codes existed in various states, and they were used for guiding how slaves interacted with their masters. Black slaves that converted to Christianity were never liberated, but the Amerindian slaves that embraced Christianity had better social status.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The above discussion depicts how the English vanquishers inhumanly handled the indentured workers, slaves, and Native Americans. Therefore, it can be concluded that the inhuman practices of the conquerors in North America motivated the thirteen colonies to join forces in order to regain their lost liberty in 1776. â€Å"The American Civil War was also crucial to the life of slaves in the sense that it led to their emancipation† (Clark, Hewitt and Brown 111-155). One of the fascinating issues about the English slavery was the fact that the English began enslaving their own members and as the demand for labor increased, they turned their attention to Amerindians and later Africans. Lastly, the English slavery practices reveal that slavery was not meant to prejudice other races, but to facilitate the English great commercial interests. Clark, Chrsitopher. Who Built America? Volume I: Through 1877: Working People and the Nations History. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. Print. Gallay, Alan. The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717. New York: Yale University Press, 2002. Print. Jordan, Don, Michael Walsh and Don Kirkland. White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britains White Slaves in America. New York: New York University Press, 2008. Print. Shifflette, Crandal. Selected Virginia Statutes Related to Slavery. Virtual Jamestown, 17 September 1630. Web. Taylor, Alan. American Colonies: The Settling of North America. New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.

The new england workingmen's association Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The new england workingmen's association - Essay Example However, the mechanics kept their dream of better working conditions alive and hence they called for a region-wide convention to address the question of a 10-hour workday in Fall River. Indeed, the region-wide convention held on October 1844 addressed this issue in great length and resolved to form the New England Workingmen’s Association (NEWA) to address the workers’ plight (Massachusetts AFL-CIO 1). As such, most of the meetings held by New England Workingmen’s Association focused on the dominant concern of a 10-hour workday (Massachusetts AFL-CIO 1). In the meetings that followed the formation of the New England Workingmen’s Association, members ended such meetings with a resolution calling for an abridgement of the hours of labor, which was evidently fundamental in rendering every citizen of the commonwealth worthy and capable to perform the sacred duties of a freeman (Massachusetts AFL-CIO 1). As such, the New England Workingmen’s Association followed the footsteps of other labor leaders of the 1840s, who focused on the relationship between connection between 10-hour workday and citizenship. However, the New England Workingmen’s Association was seemingly different from other labor associations in that it included middle-class reformers who stressed issues such as land reform, and women, who frequently found themselves excluded from other groups unlike other labor associations that disregarded middle-class reformers (Massachusetts AFL-CIO 1). In the 1840s, many labor organizations disregarded the membership and contribution of women. Nevertheless, the New England Workingmen’s Association offered a reprieve to the women by extending all the rights, privileges, and obligations of membership to women’s labor groups through its constitution (Massachusetts AFL-CIO 1). As such, the association addressed both men and women issues that relate to their working conditions. Notably, women

Mobile health applications Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mobile health applications - Dissertation Example Because of its potential, policymakers should better comprehend how information technology is spreading across suppliers, whether act to spur more adoption is required, and thus, what steps may be engaged. This has been included to increase understanding of the current state in the health care industry (Kinkade & Verclas, 2008, p. 31). Information & communications technology have been widely used in many Western countries to improve many aspects of healthcare, such as expert diagnostic systems, online patient records, digital medical information systems to name just a few. Many of these technologies are expensive and involve specialist hardware and services, making them generally used in the developed world. Universal ownership of a much less expensive, generally available device, the mobile phone, has provoked a lot of new ideas about the potential for this technology in developing countries (Kinkade & Verclas, 2008, p. 31). The use of mobile phones has grown at a high rate over the past few years. As such, it has been an essential tool for current human lifestyles. Society has embraced mobile technology into many of its daily activities including banking, health and even in the management of their daily activities. Mobile health has developed through mobile technology promoting what is called m health or m-health in the healthcare sector (Hoyt & Yoshihashi, 2009, p. 20). The world is constantly moving due to technological advancements. The widespread application of information technology led to the mobility of people, which is not only limited to the physical movement and displacement, but it covers virtual activity. Technology bridges the geographic gaps of individuals across the world to maintain and improve communication. Communication has been the centre of the world’s evolution because experts continue to develop systems that would make interaction easy and accessible. IT has been widely used in the field of business due to its proven benefits in enhancing customer satisfaction. Similarly, medical institutions aim to improve patient care through the use of mobile phones. With the extensive use of mobile technology, patient and doctors have established a relationship; hence, it enhances health care quality (Hoyt & Yoshihashi, 2009, p. 20). Mobile health is the new method of interacting with patients. M-Health is defined as a â€Å"service or application that involves voice or data communication for health purposes between a central point and remote locations† (Freng, et al., 2011, p.5). Mobile health Mobile technology is vital in this research since it has the potential to transform healthcare in developing countries, mostly in the area of health consciousness schemes and training health care workers. Mobile phones are inexpensive to the inhabitants at large, making them more obtainable than computers. They are also cost effectual than hospital beds. Mobile phone applications in healthcare are a relatively new field an d some of the literature is very keen about the possibilities that this opens up. Audie et al (2011, p. 34) have suggested that M-Health apps are â€Å"the killer application for cyber-infrastructure for health in the 21st century† –just as the invention of electric light was in the C19th. They go on to say that the enormous growth of electronic and medical health records and bioinformatics together with

The Effects of War on Afghan Women, Children and Refugees Public Health Essay Example for Free

The Effects of War on Afghan Women, Children and Refugees Public Health Essay INTRODUCTION Armed conflicts have been major causes of disease, suffering and death for much of human history. The fatalities, injuries and disabilities suffered on the battlefield are obviously direct effects of conflict. But there are also health consequences from the breakdown of services and from population movements. The diverting of human and financial resources away from public health and other social goods contributes to the spread of disease. These indirect consequences of war may remain for many years after a conflict ends. Both the experience of conflict itself and the impact of conflict on access to health care determine the physical health and the psychological well-being of women and girls in very particular ways. Women are not only victims of the general violence and lack of health care they also face issues specific to their biology and to their social status. To add to the complexity of the picture, women also carry the burden of caring for others, including those who are sick, injured, elderly or traumatized. This in itself is stressful and often contributes to illness. Defining Terms Gender: The term gender includes both masculinity and femininity, not just one or the other. Across continents and cultures, established gender norms and values mean that women typically control less power and fewer resources than men. Not surprisingly, this often gives men an advantage in the economic, political, and educational arenas, but also with regard to health and health care. Certainly, there are instances where gender differences hurt mens health as, for example, when greater risk-taking among young men leads to higher accident rates, or higher levels of violence between men leads to greater death and disability . But, by and large, many health professionals believe that gender inequalities have led to a systematic devaluing and neglect of womens health. Children: are those who are still under the care of their parents. Who is below the legal age. After more than two decades of war, the health of Afghanistans people is ranked among the worst in the world. More than 800 children die every day, largely from preventable diseases. Nearly 1 in 4 Afghan children will not reach his or her fifth birthday, and their mothers do not fare much better. An Afghan woman is 100 times more likely to die of pregnancy-related problems than her American counterpart. These deaths are preventable. Since the fall of the Taliban, the Afghanistan Ministry of Health has been working steadily to improve access to basic health services specifically focusing on reaching women and children. Since early 2002, with funding support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Management Sciences for Health has been working with the Ministry of Health to establish a foundation upon which a national health care system can be built and health services can be delivered within Afghanistan. The Effects of War on Afghan Children and Women Public Health War is one of the most destructive human activity. It destroys not only the physical side of a person but it degrades the human dignity. These happens to Afghanistan. Today it has one of the world’s poorest human development. Among the population of 24 million roughly 10.7 million are children under the age of 18 and half of the remaining population is women. The crisis of more than 23 years has left devastating effects on the health and well being of millions of women and children. It has killed over 1.5 million people, including more than 300,000 children. An extensive review of   social, physical, and mental health of Afghan children with an aim to depict the severity and complexity of the situation induced by war of more than a decade. Child Vulnerability Indicators in Afghanistan Series of wars and drought for more than three years have threatened the survival and existence of tens and thousands of women and children. According to a survey 60 % of Afghan children have lost their family member, and 39 percent have lost their home. The burden of poverty falls heaviest on the children, who frequently abandon education in order to contribute to family income. They work on farms, collect water and firewood and scavenge the garbage cans for food scraps. In Kabul alone, more than 50,000 children work as shoe polisher, selling fruits or newspaper or begging on the streets. More than five million people with a huge proportion of children are internally displaced. More than 6 million displaced Afghans represent the largest single group of refugees world-wide. Alone in Pakistan approximately three million Afghans have taken refuge in the last few years. Children comprise 20 % of the total number. Poverty prevails, with 80% of people living below the poverty level. Adult life expectancy is 45 years for men and 47 for women. According to the UNICEFs estimations more than 5 million people-70 percent of them women and children rely on humanitarian aid to survive. 75% of the population living in rural areas have no access to any kind of health facilities. According to the UNICEF, 2001 the total number of under five population in Afghanistan is 728049. War induced displacement and famine have forced large populations to move towards big cities in search of food and shelter. Among the internally displaced populations majority is under five, approximately 429567 in Kabul, 80930 in Logar, 126000 in Wardak, 49700 in South Parwan and 41852 are in Kapisa. Displaced populations are exposed to an unprecedented scale of disease, deaths and disabilities. Reports show that one in every four children dies before his or her fifth birthday and one in five children is born in a refugee camp. Infant mortality is 165 (per 1000 live births), under five child mortality 257 (per 1000 live births) and prospects for improving child health are still dimmer. Maternal morality is one of the highest in the world, i.e., 1700 per 100,000. Poor obstetric care and illiteracy have been proved to have a direct relation to the infant mortality. The deteriorating child health has been out of focus for decades. Repeated wars, political turmoil and disasters have left grave effects on the physical and mental health of children. Post traumatic disorders, widespread infectious diseases, malnutrition have increased the sufferings of Afghan children to an unacceptably higher level. The situation of internally as well as externally displaced Afghan children is grim. The trend of childhood mortality in Afghanistan from 1955 to 1990 has remained almost static and has shown very little improvement change so far. Neighboring countries like China and Iran, both have achieved considerable decline in the under five mortality ranging from 225 to 38 and 239 to 45 respectively while infant mortality in Afghanistan is still 165 (per 1000 live births) and childhood mortality 257 (under five per 1000 births)11. Nutritional Crisis and War injuries among children According to UN agency around 120,000 Afghan children currently face famine. Iodine and vitamin A deficiency is largely noticed. Report from Terre Des Hommes determined that chronic malnutrition remained high, with 53.7% of children between 6–59 months stunted, including 27.3% severely stunted making children more vulnerable to disease. An estimated 7.5 million children and adults are currently at risk of hunger and malnutrition. Rights of children were seriously and widely violated. Girls’ right to education and sports is still overtly denied. Socio-cultural norms put additional restrictions on women and girls. Because of the current crisis it is predicted that about 20–40 000 children could die and around 10 million people will be forced to live on US$1 a day. It certainly impacts access to health services, health allocations by the governments, access to drugs against HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria, and child health. There are currently estimated 5.3 million vulnerable people inside Afghanistan. Country’s health system performance is paralyzed and extensively damaged during the war on terrorism. None of the children growing up today in Afghanistan has ever known peace. It is estimated that over 2 million Afghans suffered from mental health problems. UNICEF-supported study in 1997 found that the majority of children under 16 years in Kabul suffer from psychosocial war trauma. Ninety-seven per cent had witnessed violence and 65 per cent had experienced the death of a close family relative. Experts say that approximately 30%–50% of a population undergoing violent conflict develops some level of mental distress. There are estimated 10 million land mines, the equivalent of roughly one for every child. Reported by Save the Children survey, 85% of all unexploded ordnance (UXO) victims were children in Kabul, during the years 1990-94. Alone 3,000 injuries from landmines and UXO in 1999 have been reported. More than 130,000 Afghans under the age of 18 have been killed by land mines so far. Disease Profile Measles, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, meningitis, hepatitis, typhoid, childhood respiratory infections, and diarrhea are the major killer diseases. Diarrhea alone causes the death of 85,000 under five children per year. Two to three million malaria cases with 6% P. falciparum were notified to the health authorities in the last few years. Similarly leis mania affects seriously women and children in Afghanistan. Immunization coverage is profoundly low. Lastly noticed overall mortality due to measles and related complications was 10.8% in Kabul. In South Asia, over 40 percent of the total confirmed cases of polio occurred in Pakistan and Afghanistan in 2000. The mass migration of Afghans to Pakistan and to other neighboring countries has posed serious threat to the global polio eradication program. Moreover a tuberculin survey in Pakistan revealed that the prevalence of tuberculosis infection was 13.8% (May 1985) in a sample of 4108 Afghan children (average age of 8 years). Thirty-three percent had not received their BCG vaccination. A survey during the 1990–94 on cancer reported 22 % prevalence of 1655 children. 69% were males, 31% females Afghan refugees referred to the cancer hospital in Northern Pakistan. The Afghan Women In recent years more and more societies all over the world have begun to recognize the vital contributions of women to commerce, their communities, and civic life. Whether it be Afghan women voting in a presidential election or women starting micro-businesses in Ethiopia, the worldwide trend toward greater equality is clear. Yet the denial of womens basic human rights is persistent and widespread, as a 2005 United Nations Population Fund statement put it. ON DECEMBER 13, 2003, 502 members of Afghanistans constitutional Grand Council, or loya jirga, met in the capital, Kabul, to begin writing the document that would henceforth shape governance of an Islamic, representative democracy. Three weeks later, after at least two rocket attacks near the councils meeting place and even more explosive politicking among the councils members, the council emerged with a new constitution. Among those who watched the process with attention were Afghan women and their activist partisans in other parts of the world, who wanted the new constitution explicitly to reflect the rights and needs of women. They had particular reason to worry that the assembly gathered in Kabul would be hijacked by conservative extremists who would interpret womens rights narrowly using religion as an excuse, or who might eliminate mentions of womens human rights altogether. The Grand Council met just two years after the United States toppled the Taliban, the extremist party that had been in control of Afghanistans capital since 1996. The American objective was to destabilize a regime that had given refuge to Osama bin Laden and the leaders of Al Qaeda, whose bases were in Afghanistan. At that time, the United States linked its military agenda in Afghanistan with the need to liberate Afghan women from oppression. As First Lady Laura Bush put the matter in a national radio address in November 2001, The brutal oppression of women is a central goal of the terrorists. Long before the current war began; the Taliban and its terrorist allies were making the lives of children and women in Afghanistan miserable. The first lady went on to assert that the removal of the Taliban from power would mean the liberation of Afghan women. For the next year, Afghan women were big news: There were books and reports, and pictures on the front pages of newspapers showing formerly illiterate women learning to read. Women began the work of reconstructing their lives by returning to the streets, to school, to work. Then the war in Iraq began, and Afghan women, and Afghanistans reconstruction, became old news. By the beginning of 2003, warlords in provinces who had been allies of the United States when it went to war against the Taliban were instituting measures themselves that were reminiscent of the Taliban era. Human Rights Watch reported in January 2003 that in the Western province of Herat, girls and boys would no longer be permitted to go to school together. Because most teachers are men, the ruling effectively shut girls and women out of an education. Other restrictions against interactions between the sexes were imposed; girls or women seen in public with a male might be taken against their will to a hospital to check for their chastity. These alarming trends coincided with a sharp drop in international scrutiny, although Afghan women themselves continued to seek access to good health, higher education, and equal pay for their work. Their experience in the last two years has made it clear that simply removing a dictatorial regime and installing a democracy does not automatically guarantee womens rights. Indeed, the challenges facing womens effort to make sure their rights are legally enforceable in the future highlight broad conflicts in Afghanistan between conservative and liberalizing factions of the future government and between forces competing to control interpretations of Islam in the public sphere. Islam is the prism through which human rights are articulated in Afghanistan, and it is it is therefore crucial for women that their rights to education, work, and freely chosen marriages be articulated in its terms. The importance of the relationship between Islam and rights is one supported by women. Indeed, Ninety-nine percent of Afghan women are Muslims, and their faith is extremely important to them. Most feel their rights are available to them through Islam, says Masuda Sultan, the spokesperson for Women for Afghan Women (WAW), a New York City-based grassroots organization of Afghan women and their supporters. Sultan explains that the number of women who frame their rights in secular terms is much smaller. Womens rights doctrine that would take Islam into account was in evidence in the making of the Womens Bill of Rights, authored in September 2003 by a representative group of 45 women who found ways to interpret relevant Islamic edicts in ways that amplified their human rights. The bill of rights was the achievement of a unique conference on women and the constitution sponsored by WAW. Organized with the help of the Afghan Womens Network and Afghans for Civil Society, the Kandahar conference brought women together to deliberate over how their rights could best be reflected in the constitution. Kandahar, unlike the more liberal capital, is one of Afghanistans most conservative provinces, and it was unclear until the day of the conference whether it would be secure enough for the gathering to take place. It was, but only under heavily armed guard. The conference participants comprised elite female decision-makers as well as largely illiterate everyday women from all over the country. For some, simply completing the trip, whether alone or in the company of a male relative, was itself a triumph. Over the course of three days, these women reviewed the 1964 constitution on which the 2003 draft was based and began composing the 16-point bill of rights, framed by the demand that the rights be not simply secured in the constitution but implemented. Some of the demands are basics on the menu of modern human rights: women require mandatory education, equal pay for equal work, freedom of speech, and the freedom to vote and run for office and to be represented equally in Parliament and the judiciary. But other points are specific to the situation of Afghan Muslim women and responsive to the recent forms of deprivation imposed by the Taliban and long-standing excesses based on tribal convention. There is, for example, the demand that women and children be protected against sexual abuse, domestic violence, and bad-blood price when one family compensates a second for a crime by giving them one of the familys women. There is a request for the provision of up-to-date heath services for women with special attention to reproductive rights. Under the Taliban women were denied healthcare by male doctors, who were not allowed to touch the bodies of women to whom they were not related, and severe restrictions on womens movements made it difficult for female doctors to supply healthcare. Women made it clear they wanted the right to marry and divorce according to Islamic law. At the end of the conference, the document was presented publicly to President Hamed Karzai, and women were promised that their rights would be incorporated explicitly into the new constitution. However, when the draft constitution was released in November 2003, there was no explicit mention of womens rights. Instead, the constitution granted rights to all Afghan citizens. As Ritu Sharma, the co-founder and executive director of the Womens Edge Coalition and Afifa Azim, the director of the Afghan Womens Network, argued in a joint editorial on the eve of the councils meeting, lumping together men and women in the text of the constitution, rather than clearly designating rights for women as well as men is an important distinction because Afghan women are not issued the identification cards given to men. Therefore, some men argue, women are not citizens and entitled to equality. A crucial question at the Grand Council was whether women would be identified separately from men in the final constitution. It was a triumph when the constitution that was released contained an article stating that The citizens of Afghanistanwhether man or womanhave equal rights and duties before the law. At the same time, other challenges remain. The introduction of womens rights to the national political agenda cannot itself be taken for granted while control of the country is still in question. Although it is true that on paper, the government of Afghanistan is headed by President Karzai and moving toward democracy along well established lines such as the creation of a constitution, the actual situation in many parts of the country do not reflect this shift in power. The Taliban have reasserted power in Southern and Eastern parts of the country. Indeed, in the few days leading up to the meeting of the constitutional Grand Council, coalition forces waged their largest attacks to date on Taliban members who threatened violence against the proceedings. As a recent Amnesty International report also noted, Northern Alliance commanders who committed human rights abuses under the Taliban government now hold government positions themselves (the October 2003 report, Afghanistan: No one listens to us and no one treats us as human beings. Where these commanders govern, womens movements remain as restricted, or nearly as restricted, as they did before they were liberated. So, one of the threats to womens rights is related to the ongoing danger to the entire nations stability as well as to the ability of the most conservative or militant actors in Afghanistan to influence the political process. Extremists exploit claims to Islam to intimidate women. This means that although women themselves frame their rights in terms of Islam, they can also be intimidated into making claims for interpretations that dont serve their needs at all. Sultan explains: Security is still a huge issue, and regional warlords and extremists are around. A woman who doesnt speak in terms that acknowledge Islam will face trouble. The affirmation of being Muslim is important because otherwise theyll be called infidels or be threatened or seen as secular or non-Muslim. in the view of Sultan and others who work closely with Afghan women, is to promote the education of women in Islamic law and history so that they can express their own rights as well as refute interpretations that do not serve them. As the legal system begins to hammer out laws that confirm the bases of the constitution, such knowledge will be increasingly important. Jurists are qualified in Afghanistan through higher education or training in Islamic law. As Sultan notes, these qualifications leave open the door for those trained informally by radical Islamist clerics to shape law. Womens education in the language, tradition, and law through which they understand their rights and themselves is a practical and necessary step in this context. This may appear counterintuitive to onlookers in the United States and Europe, whose recent revolutions in rights have often taken place in social and political contexts that opposed democracy to religion. Enhancing the rights of women by encouraging their access to religious education may also seem counterintuitive in the present media environment, which is saturated by the idea that Islam is inherently undemocratic. But women working for their rights in Afghanistan make it clear that both Islam and democracy are evolving practices that permit competing interpretations. It is their right to shape both in ways that confirm their identities as women, Afghan citizens, and Muslims. The needs of women and children; Refugees in Iran Since at least the 1970s Afghans have been coming to Iran, some in search of work, others to seek protection. The political dominance by the Taliban since 1995 has been a significant factor in the acceleration in the flow of refugees. Refugees who came in the 1980s were given green cards’ which entitle them to live and work in Iran, and to benefit from schooling and health care. In the early 1990s the government’s policy towards refugees changed in the face of the worsening domestic economic situation. After 1992 the authorities stopped issuing refugee cards. The vast majority of Afghans who arrived in Iran since 1992 are considered illegal and have no right to asylum. Furthermore, between 1992 and 1994 many thousands of refugees lost their legal status in a systematic campaign of confiscations of green cards from Afghans living in Khorassan province (bordering Herat). It is not uncommon to find families who repatriated under the UN-sponsored programmed in 1996 and 1997, who have returned to Iran because of hardship or fear of persecution. These families had to give up their refugee cards when they repatriated and now live as illegal’ refugees who risk being arrested if found. In such a situation it is extremely difficult to keep accurate figures on the number of refugees in Iran. According to recent official figures, there are about 1.4m Afghans in Iran at present, of which only 22,000 (1.7 per cent) are living in camps. The vast majority of Afghans live integrated into Iranian society scattered around the country, mostly in cities where they can get jobs but also in villages and settlements in rural areas. The refugees areas are Kerman, Shiraz, Sistan- Baluchistan, Mashad, Teheran and Shahriyar (Teheran province). The area in which refugees face the most difficulties (in the south- eastern province of Sistan-Baluchistan), and highlighted the neglected issue of child labor. The most common types of work done by women and children and the income they earn. Work done at home includes shelling pistachios, cleaning wool, making brooms, cleaning saffron, making chains and carpet weaving. Children usually start work at an early age (sometimes as young as five years old). Once they reach school age, those who can get into school study about four hours a day at school and work between four and ten hours every day. Many Afghan children attend schools not formally recognized by the Ministry of Education and run by the Afghans themselves. There are at least 10 informal Afghan schools in Mashad and about 24 in Teheran, serving from 50 to 500 children each. NGOs such as Ockenden Venture and Global Partners have been supporting such schools for over a year now with their own funds and some funding from UNICEF. They have provided books and teaching materials, and have conducted eye tests for children and provided spectacles. Ockenden Venture has also organised some teacher training. MSF France has been carrying out a school health project in Mashad, and a local Afghan NGO (Relief Committee for Destitute Afghan Refugee Families) is helping to identify Afghan schools in Teheran and distribute books. Many questions remain unanswered as to why some children attend these schools and others do not. Aspirations versus reality The aspirations of Afghan women and children contrast heavily with the reality of the back-breaking, repetitive and poorly-paid jobs. The reasons for taking poorly paid and low-skilled work are illiteracy, being undocumented, having children to look after, and opposition from the husband or his family. The work has to be part-time, home-based and not requiring a green card’. One obstacle which the women identified also suggested its own solution. They said that their lack of familiarity with Iran, and particularly with job opportunities, means that they tend to take on the same jobs that other Afghan women are already doing. It was suggested that a job-search service would enable them to access information on other job opportunities. Education: the top priority Having seen the poverty of many refugee families at first hand, Afghan women needs to put income-earning opportunities as their top priority. In fact the top priority identified by almost all the groups was education: for the Hazaras it was education in general, but especially literacy; for the Pashtun women it was skills- training. They all believed that they could improve their own lives if they had some education. Solutions The impact of previous conflicts and recent war on children’s social, physical and mental health is enormous and needs a great deal of attention and commitment from the Government. While the debate of reconstructing Afghanistan is currently in progress, saving the future of nation and child health development must be a top priority. Joining these efforts, international assistance is direly needed to handle the deteriorating child health situation. Improving child health in Afghanistan is certainly a daunting task and will require committed and holistic efforts over period of years. Every aspect of child health needs to be dealt with an appropriate strategy. As evident from the facts that infectious diseases and war induced injuries contribute heavily to the current burden of disease, deaths and disabilities in Afghanistan. Therefore WHO’s strategies need to be universally adopted in the country. The strategy of integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) addresses five major killer diseases with a simple and cost effective manner. War has left tens and thousands of orphans. Fewer than five children currently make a large proportion of Afghan’s population and immediate attention. In the prolonged period of war tuberculosis control program was severely disrupted. Tuberculosis control network need to be immediately restored, drugs provided with the Directly Observed treatment; short course (DOTS) strategy among internally displaced and non-adhered patients. All interventions need to focus equally on providing rehabilitation and treatment for mental illnesses, robustly expand and include program for massive immunization in their essential package of services. All legal measures need to be taken to protect children’s rights and specially that of girls to education, health and social choices at all fronts. For Refugees Using focus group discussions in the context of understanding the problems and aspirations of urban Afghan refugees has given us a great deal of information to which we did not previously have access. In particular, the fact that the refugees were able to participate in drawing up recommendations regarding the future work of NGOs was a very positive experience. It encourages the beneficiaries themselves to think about their situation and to come up with solutions. It also gives the organisations working with refugees a much clearer picture of the hopes and fears of a refugee community. Past experience at ICRI has shown us that involving the refugees themselves in decision making improves the implementation process, bringing about better results. This does not mean that one method should replace the other, but rather that the methods should be regarded as complementary. We know that the single most important factor which determines the living conditions of refugees in Iran is their legal status. In Afghanistan Samar   bring to the forefront the health and human rights challenges that face Afghan women and children. A leading authority on these issues in her country, Samar founded the Shuhada Organization in 1989 to implement innovative programs in health, education, construction, and income generation that improve the lives of women and children in Afghanistan and those living as refugees in Pakistan. The Shuhada Organization has grown to become the largest female-led non-government organization in Afghanistan and operates an extensive network of hospitals, clinics, schools and shelters as well as numerous other programs and services for women and children. â€Å"Boston University is honored to host Dr. Samar as a visiting scholar,† said Gerald T. Keusch, M.D., associate dean of Global Health, BU School of Public Health, and director of the Global Health Initiative. â€Å"Her work to improve the lives and healthcare for Afghan women and children under extraordinarily difficult conditions has made her an icon in global health and her efforts will ideally lead to new policies that will advance the country’s medical and education infrastructure.† The recipient of numerous honors and awards, including the 2004 Jonathan Mann Award for Health and Human Rights, Samar is an international symbol of the steadfast courage required to demand basic human rights for women and children in Afghanistan. In addition to directing the Shuhada Organization, Samar served as the country’s first Minister of Womens Affairs during the interim government, leading the effort to restore economic, political, legal and social rights to women. In her current role as Chair of the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission, she oversees the conduct of human rights education programs across the country, implementation of a nationwide women’s rights education program, and monitoring and investigation of human rights abuses. The Global Health Initiative at Boston University was established to promote multi-disciplinary research, education, outreach and policy studies across and beyond the Boston University community, and to contribute to reducing disparities in health through the generation of new knowledge, the education of students as â€Å"global citizens,† and the development of partnerships with global health leaders, scholars, and practitioners around the world. In Afghanistans villages, provincial centers, and Ministry of Public Health; in clinics, hospitals, and pharmacies; in classrooms, workshops, and training centers—REACH is empowering the Afghan people to rebuild a health system damaged and neglected during more than two decades of war. A community health worker teaches a mother in a rural Afghan village how to care for her sick child. A young woman improves her literacy level to qualify her for midwifery training. An Afghan midwife attends refresher training about safe motherhood. A provincial health team develops an immunization campaign to protect children against common diseases. The Afghan Ministry of Public Health develops management systems and standards to improve service delivery. Over seven million men, women, and children have access to primary healthcare services. Increasing access to Afghan health services thru (REACH) Through a performance-based grants program and technical support for training and education, REACH has enabled expansion of Afghanistans child health, maternal health, basic obstetric care, and family planning services now accessible to 7.1 million people. REACH grantees have trained over 5,000 community health workers who are working in 14 of Afghanistans 34 provinces. Providing health education in Afghanistan REACH promotes health education and behavioral change that is improving the ability of individuals, families and communities to protect their health. REACH also provides health-based accelerated literacy training to qualify young women to enter nursing and midwifery schools. Strengthening health systems Working with the Afghan Ministry of Public Health to develop and implement national health policies, standards, and management and information systems, REACH is helping Afghanistan shape its healthcare system for the future. Through close collaboration with counterparts in Afghanistan and with the international donor and nongovernmental community, REACH is addressing immediate needs while ensuring that current activities are consistent with long-term development objectives. References: Armstrong, J., Ager, A. (2005, March). Perspectives on disability in Afghanistan and their implications for rehabilitation services. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 28, 87-92. Cultural Orientation Project. (2002). Afghanstheir history and culture. Retrieved October 20, 2004, from http://www.culturalorientation.net/afghan/atoc.html Cummins, C. (2002). The front linenursing refugees. Journal for Community Nurses, 7(1), 7. Daly, C. M. (1999). 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